Feb 23, 2024 · This league table reveals the best UK universities and colleges, according to the trusted Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024. Tsinghua, which features in the top 20 in the overall THE World University Rankings, also achieves a top 40 position in all 11 of Times Higher Education’s subject rankings. In 2005 the college was granted university status and in 2006 it became York St John University. Established as University College Liverpool in 1881, it opened its doors to its first set of students in 1882, in what was a disused lunatic asylum. Wageningen University & Research's history dates back to 1876, when it opened as a national agricultural college. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings, founded in 2004, is a vital resource that provides the definitive list of the world's best universities. The Times Higher Education Impact Rankings are global performance tables that assess universities against the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It has around 10,000 faculty and staff, 17 schools and colleges and 300 fields The University of Brighton can trace its origins back to 1859 when the new School of Art opened in the coastal town, with just 110 pupils. Situated at the heart of the Netherlands’ high-tech industrial heartland, Eindhoven University of Technology has played a massive role in driving the Dutch knowledge economy over the past six decades. RWTH Aachen University was founded in 1870 with a strong focus on engineering and the local mining industry. York is a leading international teaching and research university, and a driving force for positive change. Its two main campuses are Bloomington and Indianapolis, with an additional six regional sites in Kokomo, Fort Wayne, Gary, New Albany, Richmond and South Bend. Find out more Oct 17, 2023 · Singapore's two main public universities , the National University of Singapore Nanyang Technological University, Singapore both feature in the top 10 universities in Asia, and in the top 50 universities in the world, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024. The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings list the world’s best universities that are 50 years old or younger. The 2022 Impact Rankings is the fourth edition and the overall ranking The University of Portsmouth can trace its history back to 1869 and the formation of the Portsmouth and Gosport School of Science and the Arts. Feb 23, 2024 · The ranking took into account responses from a survey of more than 20,000 students from 88 universities in the region. It is designed to answer The engineering subject table uses the same trusted and rigorous performance indicators as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022, but the methodology has been recalibrated to suit the individual fields. It was formed in the merging of two colleges, King’s and Marischal, in 1860. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 include more than 1,600 universities across 99 countries and territories, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. A UK institution – the University of Oxford – takes the top spot in our Europe table (and in the overall rankings), while 102 other UK universities appear in the league table. Its iconic Victoria Building, designed by the English architect Alfred Waterhouse in 1892, is a tourist attraction in its own right Jun 27, 2024 · Subscribe to Times Higher Education. We offer an exceptional range of disciplines – more than 400 areas of study – and our community includes more than 70,000 students, 8000 permanent and fixed-term staff and 350,000 alumni in more than 170 countries. Cambridge serves more than 18,000 students from all cultures and corners of the world. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016-2017 list the 980 top universities in the world, making it our biggest international league table to date. Today, the university has The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 include more than 1,600 universities across 99 countries and territories, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. These are the National University of Singapore (16th), Peking University (17th) and the University of Amsterdam (joint 18th). It was one of the first colleges in the UK for students of all faiths and backgrounds, set up to challenge the exclusivity of Oxford and UC Davis enrolls about 39,000 annually, including international students from more than 110 countries. Download a free copy of the Asia University Rankings 2024 report. View the Japan University Subscribe to Times Higher Education. Berkeley’s creation stemmed from a vision in the state constitution of a university that would “contribute even more than California’s gold to the glory and happiness of Sep 27, 2023 · Compare the rankings of top Canadian universities. Portsmouth is a coastal town, and its dependence on shipping meant that the principal focus of this college was the training of engineers and dock workers. There are over 100 undergraduate courses Huazhong University of Science and Technology was established as the Huazhong Institute of Technology in 1952. There was a strong focus on Boston University is located in the heart of what many view as the world’s greatest university city. RWTH Aachen University. We use carefully calibrated indicators to provide comprehensive and balanced comparison across four broad areas: research, stewardship, outreach and teaching. . Find out more University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) offers opportunities for inquiry, discovery, and education – and yet is a close community that provides a sense of belonging. Sep 27, 2023 · There are 37 top universities in Australia, according to Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings 2024, and six of them feature in the prestigious top 100, meaning there is no shortage of choice. More than 600 of them are in Europe. UCL was founded in 1826 to bring higher education to those who were typically excluded from it. The schools Apr 23, 2024 · Explore India and some of its most influential universities, using Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings 2024 A total of 98 universities have joined the rankings since last year. Academically, the university is known also for its commitment to research. Welcome to Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), an international research university with more than 100 years of experience helping bachelor, master, and PhD students pursue their ambitions in the areas of wealth, health, governance, and culture. Within these three colleges, there are 20 academic schools. Home to hard-working, entrepreneurial students since 1913. Its history stretches back to 1928 when the institution was founded as the Taihoku Imperial University by the Japanese colonial administration. It prides itself on its intimate teaching style and claims a The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023 include 1,799 universities across 104 countries and regions, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. It is a member of the Russell Group of UK universities. Sep 27, 2023 · A UK institution, the University of Oxford, has taken the first place position while Stanford University is in second position. Some 37 Nigerian universities feature in the Sub-Saharan Africa University Rankings. Officially founded in the early 20th century, the university’s origins can be traced back to the 19th century, when the Yorkshire College of Science was established. NTU became autonomous in 2006 and is one of the two largest public universities in Singapore. This Canadian research institute is considered a high-quality academic authority, and often ranks highly among world universities. The rankings grow and adapt every single year to include more countries and more universities. York St John University’s history dates back to 1841 when St John’s College was founded as an Anglican teacher training college. Each institution has been assessed according to six key metrics, and you can learn more about this process by reading our methodology. Its main campus sits in a scenic spot near the East Lake The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 include more than 1,600 universities across 99 countries and territories, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. To raise your university’s global profile with THE, contact branding The law subject table uses the same trusted and rigorous performance indicators as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024, but the methodology has been recalibrated to suit the discipline. Learn more about its history, achievements, and vision for the future. As the voice of global higher education, THE is an invaluable daily resource. Sep 29, 2023 · In Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings 2024, the 12 universities in the Netherlands all feature among the top 300. View the World University Rankings 2024 by subject: law methodology The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 include more than 1,600 universities across 99 countries and territories, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. As the city developed after the Second World War, maritime industry became less prominent in the The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 include 1,907 universities across 108 countries and regions. HUST is located in Wuhan, capital city of the Hubei Province, on the banks of the Yangtze River. The highest new entry is Germany’s Technical University of Munich, which lies in the 126-150 band. The table is based on our new WUR 3. After becoming Brighton Polytechnic and, in the late 1970s, merging with the East Sussex College of Higher Education, the institution gained university status in 1992. The table is based on 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across four areas: teaching Widely considered as Taiwan’s most prestigious university, the National Taiwan University is now a research university highly respected across the world. The ranking of more than 800 universities is based on 15 individual performance indicators and responses from more than 170,000 current college students, collected through THE’s annual US Student Survey. Find out more Founded in 1877 as Western Canada’s first university, the University of Manitoba is located in Winnipeg, the capital of the Canadian province of Manitoba. Founded in 1583, the University of Edinburgh (UoE) is the sixth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Britain and Ireland’s seven ancient universities. THE World University Rankings 2022 - Times Higher Education Founded in 1920, Swansea University is a public research university located along Swansea Bay in South Wales. Read our analysis of the subject rankings 2024 results Australia’s number one university. This year, we have ranked 1,904 institutions across 108 territories, with a further 769 universities listed as reporters. 0 methodology, which includes 18 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across five areas: teaching, research environment, research quality, industry, and international outlook. King’s College was founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone, the then Bishop of Aberdeen, who used the great European universities of Paris and Bologna as his model. Founded in 1820, it is a public university that has more than 200 research centres and institutes. Simon Fraser University (SFU) is a public research university located in the city of Burnaby, in British Columbia, Canada. Featuring 1,300 universities from around the world, this year's university rankings are our largest ever. Among these there are Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research institution. The university also contributes over $8 billion to the California economy each The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015-2016 list the best global universities and are the only international university performance tables to judge world class universities across all of their core missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. Throughout its history the university has stood for freedom and its motto, Praesidium Libertatis, translates as ‘bastion of freedom’, dating back to when its founder conferred Subscribe to Times Higher Education. In the 2021-22 fiscal year, the university joined the exclusive group of fewer than 20 public universities in the nation surpassing $1 billion in research funding. Spain and Italy are also well The University of Aberdeen is Scotland’s third oldest university, and the UK’s fifth. CWRU is made up Brunel University London, founded in 1966, is a university located in Uxbridge, London, UK. It has its origins in the Exeter School of Art and Exeter School of Science, which were founded in 1855 and 1863 to celebrate Prince Albert’s services to the arts and sciences. It focuses on professional education. Times Higher Education offers global coverage on university rankings, news, opinions, and reviews to empower higher education. The ranking assesses universities by their performance in the following disciplines: business and management, accounting and finance, and economics and econometrics. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 include more than 1,500 universities across 93 countries and regions, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. Located in the heart of London, UCL is a constituent college of the University of London and a member of the Russell Group, with approximately 850 professors and over 6,000 academic and research staff. Warwick maintains around 30 academic departments, organised into four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Science and Social Science. Read our analysis of the Asia University Rankings 2024 results. Its 800-year history makes it the fourth-oldest surviving university in the world and the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. Sep 27, 2023 · Browse the full results of the World University Rankings 2024. The university serves over 11,000 students who are drawn from all 50 US states of America and 86 different countries. The Times Higher Education Japan University Rankings 2023 are designed to answer the questions that matter most to students and their families when making one of the most important decisions of their lives – who to trust with their education. Sep 2, 2019 · The Times Higher Education World University Rankings are the only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all their core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 include 1,907 universities across 108 countries and regions. UCL The Times Higher Education Japan University Rankings 2022 are designed to answer the questions that matter most to students and their families when making one of the most important decisions of their lives – who to trust with their education. It was established in 1960 with donations from the city and the American aerospace corporation General Dynamics. In 2006, the University of Brighton teamed up with The University of Warwick, based on the outskirts of the city of Coventry, England, first opened its doors in 1965. Wageningen University & Research consistently ranks as one of the world’s top universities. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023 include 1,799 universities across 104 countries and regions, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. It is regularly ranked among Canada’s top universities. The institution is the third largest university in Wales. The university’s motto is “Semper apertus” – “always open” – and the institution aims to work in a spirit of open-mindedness and tolerance towards Subscribe to Times Higher Education. In total, the university The Times Higher Education World University Rankings, often referred to as the THE Rankings, is the annual publication of university rankings by the Times Higher Education magazine. Named after the Scottish explorer, Simon Fraser, the university opened its doors in 1965 to 2,500 students. Empowered by a welcoming and diverse community with a uniquely global perspective, we are preparing our students for their long-term careers and personal success. The university can trace its roots back to 1881, when a wealthy local family donated money for a college to be built in the city. Its motto is Lucem sequimur (we follow the light). Subscribe to Times Higher Education. View the Japan University Established in 1850, the University of Rochester is a private non-sectarian research university based in the city of Rochester, New York. Established in 1829 by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington, the then Prime Minister, it is the fourth oldest university in England. King’s College London (KCL) is one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, the sister college of University College London. The University of Michigan-Ann Arbor is the top public university for the second year in a row. Founded in 1853, it’s situated in the heart of the world’s most liveable cities. Find out more Oct 13, 2023 · Egypt Rank 2024: World University Ranking 2024: World University Ranking 2023: University: City/Area: 1: 601–800: NR: Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) Borg El Arab, Alexandria =2: 801–1000: 801–1000: Al-Azhar University: Cairo =2: 801–1000: 801–1000: Alexandria University: Alexandria =2: 801–1000: 801–1000 The University of Liverpool is a public university and a member of the Russell Group of research-led universities. Wageningen University and Research has the unique position of being the only university in the Netherlands to focus on healthy food and the living environment. The University of Exeter is a public research university based in Exeter, South West England. This ranking has been designed to take into consideration aspects of both Agenda 2063 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Many of the university’s leading schools Jul 27, 2021 · To create the THE World University Rankings 2024 list, THE’s data team drew on a comprehensive and growing database containing hundreds of thousands of data points on more than 2,600 global research universities, and employed a global Academic Reputation Survey of more than 68,000 leading scholars, who provided us with their expert views on the world’s leading universities. With its roots dating back to 1826, it became the university it is today in 1967 following a merger between Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University. Today, SFU boasts around 30,000 students and an alumni of 130,000. The best colleges and schools in the Netherlands are found in 11 cities. With just 36 staff and students when it first opened, King Leiden University is the oldest university in the Netherlands, established in 1575 by William of Orange. North Carolina State University (NC State) is a public research university in the city of Raleigh, in North Carolina. View the full results of the overall World University Rankings 2024 Jun 27, 2024 · Subscribe to Times Higher Education. Find out more The University of Leeds is a redbrick university in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire. Sep 27, 2023 · Top 5 universities in Germany 5. Today the university has five campuses in Southampton, one in Winchester and another in Malaysia, and a student population The University of Dundee is a leading public teaching and research institution in Scotland, United Kingdom. In support of this, the university has an extensive library boasting more than Oct 3, 2023 · Find the best universities in Paris with Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings data January 5 2024 Graduate employability: top universities in France ranked by employers 2023-24 The Times Higher Education Arab University Rankings 2023 reveal the strength of higher education across the Arab region. It is the only global university performance table to judge research-intensive universities across all of their core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. Subscribe today to receive unlimited news and analyses, commentary from the sharpest minds in international academia, our influential university rankings analysis and the latest insights from our World Summit series. Home to three separate campuses, all in The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2019 includes more than 1,250 universities, making it our biggest international league table to date. Jun 27, 2024 · Subscribe to Times Higher Education. The university comprises 158 buildings and around 2,000 faculty members. It has The Chinese University of Hong Kong is a prestigious research university that ranks among the top in Asia and the world. The university, known as TUE, was originally founded in 1956 to supply electronics giant Philips with the highly-skilled graduates it needed for its famous laboratories, which went on to create The University of Vienna was founded in 1365 by Rudolph IV, Duke of Austria, and modelled on the Sorbonne in Paris. A relatively young university, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore was established in 1991 as a teaching university. The Best Global Universities list includes schools from the USA, Canada, Asia, Europe and more. We use 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons The University of British Columbia (UBC), formerly known as McGill University College of British Columbia, has well-established traditions in interdisciplinary research, dating back to its founding in 1908. As well as institutional rankings, The Sunday Times and The Times have identified the centres of excellence within each of 67 subject areas. It is located in the city of Leiden and The Hague, with an international honours college based in the latter. Founded in 1862 as the Hartley Institution, the University of Southampton was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 in one of her first official acts as monarch. This increase is led by India, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. The 2024 editions of the rankings introduces The University of California, San Diego, commonly abbreviated as UCSD, is a public higher education institution, placed in the heart of the community of La Jolla, San Diego, United States. The University of Oxford takes the first place position, with the University of Cambridge following in second place, while two of London’s best universities and a Scottish university complete the top five. The research institution is a state university, covering a comprehensive range of subjects from the humanities to medicine, and is located in Baden-Württemberg. The United States is the most represented country or territory, with 197 ranked institutions, followed by the United Kingdom with 90 and mainland China with 71. Find out more UK University Rankings 2024 The definitive Good University Guide from The Times and Sunday Times provides you with everything you need to know about Britain's top universities to help you make the most informed choice about where and what to study. Together with Duke University in Durham and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC State makes up the third point of Raleigh’s ‘Research Triangle’ – a national high-tech hotspot, with IBM, Cisco Systems and others tech companies on their doorstep. The university consists of seven faculties including humanities; social and behavioural sciences; law, economics and governance; geosciences; medicine; veterinary medicine and science. Our first table in 2004 included only 200 institutions from 29 territories. View the World University Rankings 2023 by subject: business and economics methodology The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 include more than 1,600 universities across 99 countries and territories, making them the largest and most diverse university rankings to date. The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings gives students and their families the information that they need to help them choose where to study. The table is based on 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across four areas: teaching The Times Higher Education Sub-Saharan Africa University Rankings have been developed specifically to assess the impact of universities in addressing some of the toughest challenges faced in the region. We use carefully calibrated indicators to provide comprehensive and balanced comparisons across three vital areas: teaching, research and Since 1887, McMaster University has been dedicated to the cultivation of human potential, a commitment we demonstrate everyday through our ground-breaking approaches to teaching and learning and our world-class, interdisciplinary research. It offers a wide range of academic programmes and international opportunities for students and faculty. The institution is part of the state-wide University of California system, alongside other 9 Heidelberg University, founded in 1386, is Germany’s oldest university. The subject rankings are based on student opinion on teaching quality and their wider university experiences, combined with the outcomes of the 2014 research a The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 include 1,907 universities across 108 countries and regions. The Sep 29, 2023 · The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 ranks 1,904 universities worldwide. Find out more Sep 20, 2023 · The Times Higher Education World University Rankings are the only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all their core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The University of California, Berkeley, a public research university, is regarded as one of the most prestigious state universities in the US. The University of Melbourne is the leading centre of higher education and research in Australia. Comprising 15 faculties and four academic centres, the university runs more than 180 degree Apr 30, 2024 · The university offers 51 undergraduate programmes and more than 200 postgraduate degrees. For many years after, Dundee had a partnership with the University of St Andrews, but gained independent university status in 1967. The University of Sydney is one of the world’s leading, comprehensive research and teaching universities. In total, 1,904 universities across 108 countries or regions are represented in the ranking and 27 of these have at least one university in the top 200. It is made up of three colleges: arts, humanities and social sciences; science and engineering and medicine and veterinary medicine. In 1878, it became the first university in England to admit women on equal terms as men. Nearly 4,000 of its students are international and hail from over 120 This year’s ranking is the largest ever, featuring over 1,500 universities across 105 higher education systems. However, the top 20 includes one university each from Singapore, China and the Netherlands. It was named after the Victorian engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel and in 2016, Brunel celebrated 50 years as a university. The methodology is based on the same framework as our World University Rankings, but some adjustments have been made and some new metrics have been included to reflect the features and missions of universities in the Middle East and North Africa. The top 10 comprises only universities in the US and the UK. KCL is now the largest healthcare learning centre in Europe, incorporating three teaching hospitals and providing ABOUT YORK UNIVERSITY. There are eight colleges and institutes Subscribe to Times Higher Education. The table is based on 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across four areas: teaching, research The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 include 1,907 universities across 108 countries and regions. With nearly 35,000 undergraduate and graduate students from more than 130 countries, it is one of the largest universities in the greater Boston area, which is home to more than 100 higher education institutions. Funding local banks and an insurance company meant that it was eventually located in Aaachen, so building work began in 1865 and doors opened to 223 students during the Franco-Prussian War. The University is organised into three colleges – Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences; Business, Arts and Social Sciences; and Health, Medicine and Life Sciences. The methodology includes 16 performance indicators, with three of the metrics drawing on the THE Japan Student Survey. In its life sciences See the US News ranking for the top universities in the world. Find the best universities in Canada using Times Higher Education’s World University Rankings data 2024 Utrecht University is located in Utrecht in the Netherlands and is one of the oldest universities in the country. Find out more Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. There are 49 bachelor's programmes and 147 master's programmes available. Across our campuses in Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney and Singapore, the University of Newcastle enrols more than 37,000 students from 106 countries, with a focus on equity and developing our next generation of socially Subscribe to Times Higher Education. Welcome to the 20th edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The University of Southampton is a research-intensive university on the south coast of England. We’re proud to be ranked in the top 30 universities in the world by Times Higher Education (THE) Impact Rankings. Now, the university has developed into a research-intensive global university that offers undergraduate and postgraduate education. Comprised of three academic faculties – the Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering and the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, the university delivers around 450 undergraduate Johns Hopkins University is the only newcomer in the top 10, ranking at joint ninth place (up from 11th), while Emory University is the only newcomer in the top 20. This year’s table includes 329 universities, up from 290 last year. Explore the QS World University Rankings by Subject in various disciplines. In 1846 Ripon College opened for women and in 1974 the two colleges merged to form the College of Ripon and York St John. It is the only global university performance table to judge world class universities across all of their core missions – teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. Read our analysis of the subject rankings 2024 results. The National University of Singapore, which ranks 26th, is the top university outside North America and Europe. The campus is home to world-renowned faculty who teach in 230 undergraduate and graduate majors, with more than two dozen academic programmes ranked among the top 20 in their disciplines. Use THE's highly trusted & respected university ranking tables to find the best universities in Canada. It is a research-intensive public university. The computer science subject table uses the same trusted and rigorous performance indicators as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024, but the methodology has been recalibrated to suit the discipline. This year’s table includes 870 universities, up from 794 last year. . The table is based on the same performance indicators as the flagship THE World University Rankings, but the weightings have been adjusted to give less weight to reputation. It has since expanded to become the largest technical university in Germany, offering courses in engineering, chemical engineering, life sciences and medicine, arts and humanities, natural sciences and social sciences, and Indiana University (IU) is located in the Midwest of America in the region of the Great Lakes. Home to more than 94,000 students – 28,000 international students among them – it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world and the largest research institution in Austria. It serves around 11,000 students of graduate and undergraduate level, split roughly half and half between men and women. Find out more The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2015-2016 list the best global universities and are the only international university performance tables to judge world class universities across all of their core missions - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. You can use our rankings to easily compare universities and start your university search. In the year 2000 it merged with the Wuhan Urban Construction Institute Tongji Medical University and adopted its current name. The faculty provide more than 5,000 Discover the world's top universities for Accounting & Finance 2024. The table is based on 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators that measure an institution’s performance across four areas: teaching, research Sep 26, 2023 · For 20 years, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings have been providing young people and their families with trusted guidance to help with this decision. This year’s table includes 1,027 universities, up from 974 last year. It was later handed to the nationalist government of China in 1945 after it won the war of The RWTH Aachen University was founded in 1870 after Prince William of Prussia decided to use a donation to set up an institute of technology somewhere in the Rhine Province. Part of the University of California System, it was founded in 1868. wu fo az dm tw wh vq wn as bj